An update and a seminar

A little time has passed since the last post but work...

I've been beavering away and there have been some interesting developments. The first is that I will be making some public presentations on this work this year. The second is that while I've been absent from this blog, I did manage a research trip to Japan in December and January where I discovered some more interesting material. 

To the first point, the presentations: 

Presentation 1 will be to the Queensland branch of the Australian Institute of International Affairs on 12 February 2013. Watanabe's journey will be the focus since this year marks 120 years since he was here. 

Title: Contractual obligations: Interrogating contemporary legacies of the political establishment in late 19^th century Japan and Australia.

This paper is part of a larger work which aims to compare the political institutions and cultures of Japan and Australia, as a means to understand the political relationship between two of the Asia-Pacific key liberal democracies and their growing security interdependence. Both nations have long considered themselves to be ‘in’ Asia, but not of it.

There are two main components to this study: one is the question of the ‘coincidence’ of Japan and Australia’s modern political establishment being formed in the late 19^th century. The Meiji era in Japan is noted for excursions by the elite travelling abroad to understand a ‘foreign’ politics; coincidentally, the Australian colonies were engaged in a decade-long debate about the federal constitution, eventually promulgated in 1901.

The second question is whether or not there can be comparisons made between the ‘social contracts’ of both societies, as a means to explain the commonalities of the polities of both countries—to interrogate the legitimacy of the ‘liberal democracy’ rhetoric passed between the two, and a way to draw conclusions about that element of politics, rather than the ‘East-West’ binary more commonly attached to such comparisons.

The focus of this presentation will  be the story of Watanabe Kanjuro, I seek to corroborate the detailed record (in Japanese) of a journey undertaken by this Japanese adventurer in 1893, 120 years ago. The research is generated from the discovery of two documents I found in the National Library of Australia as part of a study of early Japanese writings and impressions of Australia. Watanabe’s report and the detailed written and photographic documentation of his journey through Queensland and the Northern Territory were an unanticipated discovery but one of immense value in understanding Queensland history. Watanabe’s primary purpose was to investigate the conditions of Japanese migrants working in Australia, mostly associated with the sugar and pearling industries. Within three years of Watanabe’s visit to Queensland, the Japanese government had established its first consulate in Australia and it chose Townsville as that place. 

The second presentation will be at the Midwest Political Science Association conference in Chicago in April 2013. That paper will aim to draw out the 'social contract' comparisons of both Australia and Japan, what were the comparable socio-political conditions of the time? 

To the second point: my recent trip to Japan and some further ideas uncovered. 

A screenshot of the online record of the
Imperial Parliament of Japan

The key purpose of the trip was to find out more about Watanabe Kanjuro. Not a lot seems to be recorded about him. I had discovered he returned to Japan and subsequently stood for and was elected to the Japanese parliament. Considerably more is known about his compatriot, the Thursday Island merchant Sato(w) Torajiro, but as I was to discover, they might be more closely linked than I expected. 

Thus the purpose of this post is primarily to introduce a little more of the biographical information about these two I found in Japan's national library (the Kokkai Toshokan). But I also introduce it in the context of the current political climate in Japan. 

I was there just a couple of days after the 16 December lower house election. The electorate returned the Liberal Democrats in coalition with the Komeito, a return to the pre-2009 governing coalition. An anlysis of that will be over on the other blog, Pesphy's~ologies in a few days. What struck me as interesting this time though, was the number of recently published books and articles which were seeking to draw parallels between the contemporary political scene and the Meiji establishment. I'll be offering an analysis of these books here over the next few months as well. 

For now, let's consider the biographical details of Watanabe and Sato(w). I will include their details in Japanese as well, for those who read Japanese. 

 Watanabe was born in October 1864 in Tokyo, a few years shy of the Meiji Restoration (1868). He graduated from the 'Igirisu Law School' in 1889, a forerunner to the modern day Chuo University. He travelled to the United States and on his return was part of the group that established the 'Shokumin Kyokai', or 'Colonialists' Association' (to be verified).

He was tasked with travelling to Australia by the then foreign minister (as we know) but also later similarly to Taiwan (Formosa) and to South Africa. (There is a reference to this aspect in The West Australian, 11 January 1904, p. 7)

On return, he became an editor in chief of the Jiyu Tsushin Company, a Tokyo municipal leader and a key role in the Keisei Electricity Co. 

He was elected for one term in the 10th Imperial Diet in 1908, for the fledgling Rikken Seiyukai Party. 

He died in October 1926.

渡辺勘十郎   ワタナベカンジュウロウ

1893年オーストラリアに派遣、「豪州探検報告」外務大臣に出す。後に、国会議員に…

立憲政友会 東京府東京市

当選（衆）1回 当選期 (10, 1908) 

元治元年10月生まれ

東京都出身

英吉利法律学校卒

経歴

明治22年英吉利法律学校を卒業後米国に渡こ?, 帰国後殖民協会を創立し、移民事業に従事す。外務省のB託により豪州植民地を、また台湾総督 のB託 により南アフリカのトランバールを視察す。その後、自由通信社主幹、東京市助役、同収入役、京成電気軌道(株)監査役となる。

大正15年10月4日死亡。

Source: 白鳥令、監修、「激動の日本政治史 明治大正昭和歴代国会議員史緑」 （下）

東京、阿坂書房、1979.

Sato(w) Torajiro we know a little more about. The part I want to emphasise here is the fact that both Sato and Watanabe found themselves in parliament at the same time for the same party, the Rikken Seiyukai (although Sato was also elected to the eighth (1903) and ninth (1904) parliaments). He was a graduate of Michigan University with a Bachelor of Laws. He also set up a media company, the Yokohama Shinpo. His text of interest for purposes of this study is one he wrote in 1903, 'Shinseikei' ('A new politics and economics'). The text is available electronically and is one I am presently analysing for the larger project. There is mention of Thursday Island and Timor Island on p. 176 of this monograph. He is author of another monograph, 'A Theory on the Death Penalty'. 

Sato died in 1928. 

佐藤虎次郎   サトウトラジロウ

1890年代オーストラリアの木曜島に出て、島の商人として幅広く活躍し, 後に帰国して国会議員に…

「新政経」という本を明治36年に書いた.

立憲政友会 群馬C部

当選（衆）3回 当選期 （８, 1903.９, 1904.１０,1908）

元治元年６月生まれ

和歌山県出身

米国ミシガン州立大学卒

経歴

明治23年米国ミシガン州立大学卒業。豪州木曜島において真珠採取業に従事、造船所および商店を経営する。外務大臣により豪州植民事業調査のB託を受く、また横浜新報を発行し社長となる。著者に「死刑論」がある。

昭和3年9月6日死亡。(1928)

*NB There was another 佐藤虎次郎 listed as having been elected for the LDP 5 times in the 22, 25, 26, 28, and 29 parliaments born January of Meiji 35, in Shizuoka, it's not clear if he is related to the Thursday Is Sato.

Source: 白鳥令、監修、「激動の日本政治史 明治大正昭和歴代国会議員史緑」 （下）

東京、阿坂書房、1979.

From this we see a number of common points to these two. There is the Wakayama connection, especially through the then foreign minister Muto; both spent time overseas; both were asked to investigate the conditions of immigrants in Australia, about the same time and both were requested to do so by Muto. Both went on to set up or contribute to newspapers of the day. They were born in the same year and by the time Satoh was in his third term, Watanabe joined him in his first term as lower house rep for the same party. What might the conversations between the two been?

This project coincides with renewed interest in Japan over the early 20th political leaders. As I was leaving Tokyo in January, commentators were remarking on some similarities in conditions between now and then, and looking at the efforts of politicians to rejuvenate the Japanese economy. It does seem that knowing something of the past will reveal to us, something of understanding our present. 

Future posts will offer further translation and analysis of the writings of these and other notable figures of the time. Thanks for dropping by. 

Introducing Watanabe Kanjuro 渡邊勘十郎

The Report that got me thinking...

The initial response to the debut of this blog has encouraged me to get cracking on presenting some of the material. I don’t intend the posts will be simply screeds of translated material, though that is a key purpose. Rather, I want to try and convey something of the life and times of Australians and Japanese people in the late 19^th century, particularly around the 1890s, as both countries set out to establish an international identity.

My main proposition here is that there was enough going on in both countries at the time to draw some interesting parallels in understanding the emergent political culture. Today’s entry is an introduction to the Japanese report that got me thinking about this possibility.

Material, and especially commentary, on this blog is to be considered a work in progress. It will be updated as new information comes to hand (for example when I make research trips to Japan).

Watanabe was commissioned by the then Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu (陸奥 宗光 unusual reading of the family name, yes) to undertake an excursion in Australia to report on what he saw as well as the circumstances of the growing Japanese migrant population there, largely centred on the pearling industry in Northern Queensland. His report is some 297 pages long and includes several reprinted lithographs in the back, taken from photos we now know to be in the possession of the National Library of Australia.

The region now known as Wakayama Prefecture will become a significant part of our story as it unfolds. Mutsu was from the area, as was Watanabe. Another significant player I will introduce shortly, Satoh Torajiro (佐藤虎次郎) also spent some time there. Wakayama today plays an important part in the whaling industry in Japan, stretching back to the 19^th century. Hattori Toru (服部徹) I learned recently wrote a lengthy piece on relations with the ‘southern oceans’ (a common reference to Australia) as well as whaling in Wakayama in 1888. These are all interesting, currently coincidental, threads that tell a story I hope to weave together.

Let’s get going then. Here’s the contents and introduction to Watanabe’s report back to the foreign minister.

渡邊勘十郎　「濠洲探検報告書」明治27年　(1894)　297pp.

The report has three main sections: descriptions of Australia, a section about Queensland and a section about the Northern Territory. He also includes an introductory section which we will look at here.

There is a level of formality in addressing the Foreign Minister, while at the same time, Watanabe is having a bit of a 19^th century whinge about expectations and actual costs, what was expected to be achieved and what was not. It seems, no-one realised just how big Australia was. So what was the plan? What was he expected to learn about Australia, that he could take back to the Foreign Minister.

The red line marks part of Watanabe's trip.
From his report, in the National Library of Australia Asian collection. 

Watanabe was expected to consider: the overall topography and climate, the history, the politics, education, religion and society, the conditions of the indigenous people and factors in place for foreigners. Of interest was the need to consider the history of white settlement and the ‘protection’ for migrants. There was general transport conditions along with protections for maritime companies. The economies of the commerce, industrial agricultural and mining industries were to be examined as well as relations between ‘capitalists and labourers’. International relations were also on the board including Australia’s relationship with Britain, Indo-China, Canada and America and the South Seas countries (all these countries were within Japan’s orbit of interest in this era). Watanabe also had to review ‘feelings’ towards Japanese people as well as the situation for Chinese people (already sensitive to the emerging White Australia policy). The list continues of a comprehensive intended analysis.

He provides his itinerary next: Leaving Tokyo for Kobe on 16 July 1893 he travelled by ship to Hong Kong and on to ‘Port Darwin’ in the ‘Northern Territory’ where he arrived in August and set off to look around the area on 1 September. On 17 September he boarded another ship at ‘Port Darwin’ and set out for ‘Thursday’ Island where he observed the fishing industry and economy of the ‘Torres Strait’ Islands. He looked at the ‘Gulf of Carpentaria’ region on 5 October and on 16 October, returned to Thursday Island and on the 18^th, and set out to ‘Cooktown’ on 31 October arriving on 2 November. After looking around ‘Laura’ 4 November he headed south to ‘Cairns’, ‘Hambledon’ and ‘Crandy’. On 9 November he found himself in the vicinity of the Johnstone River before heading to ‘Townsville’ on 19 November and then onto ‘Charters Tower’, ‘Felden’ and back to Townsville. He went to ‘Mackay’ and the ‘Malini’ and ‘Eaton’ sugar fields and on 28 November ended up in Rockhampton. On 1 December, he arrived in Brisbane and then travelled, by steam train, to Sydney, leaving on 6 December. He departed Sydney on 11 December for Melbourne, looked around and returned to Sydney on 14 December. On 16 December he departed Sydney for Hong Kong by ship and arrived back in Kobe 15 January 1894, ‘from leaving Tokyo to arriving back in Tokyo a total of 175 days, and 16,600 nautical miles’. Quite a trip.

The remainder of his preface reiterates some of the issues he had in trying to fulfil the objectives of the trip, the limitations he unexpectedly encountered and the things that remain to be done. One of the bright moments in this preface is the pleasure he expressed in being able to capture some of the moments of his travels on a most convenient ‘photo machine’, an early camera, the results of which we do see reprinted in this report. This was actually quite critical in piecing together a bit of a puzzle in Watanabe’s work, but more on that in another instalment.

So taking out about 60 days for ocean travel, in just about three months, Watanabe Kanjuro set about documenting and recording migrant and labour issues in Northern Queensland in 1893, in the wake of the formation of the antecedents to the modern Australian Labor Party (1891 in Barcaldine in Queensland). It was an interesting and challenging time for all, not least a Japanese Meiji adventurer, travelling in Queensland ‘on the cheap’ but observing an intriguing time.

Next instalment: What sort of ‘history’ of Australia did Watanabe record?

*Note: a number of the towns identified by Watanabe are simply transliterated here from the katakana renderings by Watanabe. Some may not correspond to present day names. 

So, what is it about 1893?

Greetings and welcome to my second blog: there's something about 1893.

From one who was rather coy about the whole twitterverse/blogging thing less than a year ago, why am I starting up a second blog (actually, it's number 3; number 2 is still under wraps)? Regular readers of 'Psephy's~ologies' will know that I have a keen interest in what makes our society tick, politically, ethically, philosophically and so on. How can we make a better, more engaged society? Can we do politics better? Basically, I think we can but it will take some work. 

Over time, I've become interested in ideas about political culture especially in Australia and Japan, the foci of my main work as a political scientist. A few years ago, I got to thinking about a similarity in the apparent 'apathy' towards the polities of the two countries. For some reason, I got to backtracking to the idea of the 'social contract', after Rousseau and others. My contemporary work seeks to examine these notions of the social contract, where they came from and how the 'contract' is formed or understood. 

In 2010, I had the good fortune to spend some time in our National Library in Canberra. There, I was on a mission to discover what was written about Australia by Japanese people, predating World War 2, but with an open mind about what I might find. 

What I found was a richness of material that I'm still working through. Key among those documents was a series of writings, journals, reports and other reflections on Australia and the region. These were written largely by reasonably privileged males who were sent abroad by the Meiji Government to learn about the west and bring back ideas and examples of political, legal and educational institutions. Now while these 'Meiji adventurers' were largely well-documented for their exploits in Europe and the US, very little seems to have been made of the visitors to Australia. 

The most interesting characters, and their reports, appear to have been here in the latter part of the 19th century and the early 20th century. Their insights and observations about Australia are remarkable; the ideas they took back to Japan also significant. As I was thinking about my 'social contract' ideas, it struck me that these fellows were here in Australia in the very decades the new Australian nation was emerging--what if, then, the eternal academic question, what if some political ideas in Australia at the time filtered back to the emerging Japan of the time?  

And so this blog was born. In this space I'll be doing a couple of things. On the one hand, I'll be developing the propositions that there might have been some very interesting exchange of ideas going on at the time. The other main purpose is to translate some of those documents into English to get a sense of how Japan's ideas about Australia were conveyed at the turn of the 20th century...an earlier 'Australia in Asia' century. 

And so why 1893? It is a year that keeps recurring in these studies, and so I am curious--what was it about 1893? Chief among these recollections is the report written by Watanabe Kanjuro for the Japanese foreign minister at the time. Watanabe toured around Queensland and parts of what is now the Northern Territory taking in much about the living conditions of locals and Japanese migrants. Some of his photographic evidence is fascinating (and I hope to be able to reproduce some here) as is his noting of some indigenous words with Japanese translations. That is most exciting. He was here when Brisbane was inundated by floods too. There are other events which occurred in 1893 as well. 

Another noted Japanese migrant of the time was Sato Torajiro, resident mostly on Thursday Island and champion of the local Japanese pearl divers. He is somewhat more well-known, but his writings have some political significance as well. Both Watanabe and Sato returned to Japan to become members of the fledging Japanese parliament in the early 20th century...I look forward to tackling the Japanese equivalent of Hansard in due course. Did their Australian experiences influence their politics in any way? 

I have some work ahead but this will be most fascinating I think. It will tell us much about or history and much about our politics, then and now. Thus the focus of this blog will be much narrower than my other one, which allows me to wax at length on a range of topics. This one is related, I am an unreconstructed political nerd after all, but it will be mainly about the translations and the politics of another time. 

Japanese language of the 19th century is quite different from its modern cousin. Translations will be challenging, but the language geek in me looks forward to the challenge. I thank, in advance, the librarians of the National Library of Australia (NLA), the State Library of Queensland (slq) and the national parliamentary library of Japan, the Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan. This blog is a tribute to your help and encouragement and your care in cataloguing our past, such that we can know our present and understand our future.